Triedy
D provides support for classes and interfaces like in Java or C++.
Any class type inherits from Object implicitly.
class Foo { } // inherits from Object
class Bar: Foo { } // Bar is a Foo too
Classes in D are generally instantiated on the heap using new:
auto bar = new Bar;
Class objects are always reference types and unlike struct aren't
copied by value.
Bar bar = foo; // bar points to foo
The garbage collector will make sure the memory is freed
when no references to an object exist anymore.
Inheritance
If a member function of a base class is overridden, the keyword
override must be used to indicate that. This prevents unintentional
overriding of functions.
class Bar: Foo {
override functionFromFoo() {}
}
In D, classes can only inherit from one class.
Final and abstract member functions
- A function can be marked
final in a base class to disallow overriding
it
- A function can be declared as
abstract to force base classes to override
it
- A whole class can be declared as
abstract to make sure
that it isn't instantiated
super(..) can be used to explicitly call the base constructor
Checking for identity
For class objects, the == and != operators compare the contents of the objects.
Therefore, comparing against null is invalid, as null has no contents.
The is compares for identity. To compare for nonidentity, use e1 !is e2.
MyClass c;
if (c == null) // error
...
if (c is null) // ok
...
For struct objects all bits are compared,
for other operand types, identity is the same as equality.
In-depth
